Elaboración de un equipo de fatiga para el ensayo de mezclas asfálticas trapezoidales

Abstract

El desarrollo de la infraestructura vial es fundamental para el crecimiento económico, social y político de un país. La infraestructura vial de América Latina no se destaca por su calidad, según el Banco Mundial, América Latina invierte menos de un 3% del PIB en la construcción de grandes obras que impliquen un gran avance en la región. Aunque para el periodo de 2019-2023 Chile anuncio que invertirá 3,5% del PIB en este rubro, lo cual convierte a este país más competitivo y seguirá creciendo económicamente como lo ha venido haciendo durante los últimos 10 años. Colombia para el presente año destino una inversión de $261.000 millones de pesos, lo cual equivale 0,03% del PIB, cuando el Banco Mundial recomienda que no se debe asignar menos del 0,4% del PIB para este sector. Lo anterior se le puede atribuir a ciertas variables como la ejecución incompleta del mantenimiento del corredor vial, la mala calidad de los materiales o por fallas en los diseños y según (Camacho, 2008), las vías se deterioran por diferentes causas, pero una de las más importantes tiene que ver con el mismo tráfico, lo cual genera fallas en la estructura del pavimento principalmente asociados a la fatiga por agrietamiento y ahuellamiento.

The development of road infrastructure is essential for the economic, social and political growth of a country. The road infrastructure of Latin America does not stand out for its quality, according to the World Bank, Latin America invests less than 3% of GDP in the construction of large works that imply a breakthrough in the region. Although for the period of 2019-2023 Chile announced that it will invest 3.5% of GDP in this area, which makes this country more competitive and will continue to grow economically as it has been doing for the past 10 years. Colombia for the current year, an investment of $ 261,000 million pesos, which is equivalent to 0.03% of GDP, when the World Bank recommends that less than 0.4% of GDP should be allocated for this sector. The above can be attributed to certain variables such as the incomplete execution of the maintenance of the road corridor, the poor quality of the materials or due to design failures and according to (Camacho, 2008), the roads deteriorate due to different causes, but one of the most important has to do with the same traffic, which generates pavement structure failures mainly associated with fatigue due to cracking and sagging. (De Almeida et al, 2018) developed a team to evaluate fatigue in asphalt mixtures. For this purpose a conventional binder mixture was formulated for a penetration degree 30/45, which were subjected to two conditions to investigate the action of water: in one case, the samples were dry tested and immersed in water; and in the other, the samples were preconditioned through immersion cycles in water at 60 ° C for 18 h, followed by oven drying at 60 ° C for 6 h, for a period of 120 h (5 cycles), in order to increase the degradation in the resulting asphalt mixture. The application of these cycles had a remarkable effect on the complex module, which reduced its value. This indicates that, in regions of tropical climate, frequent humidity (rain) / drying and temperature cycles will significantly affect the rheological behavior and resistance of asphalt mixtures under the action of traffic. Being of our total interest to mitigate one of the causes of the poor condition of the tracks, we want to provide a team that allows to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the materials, in order to design and build rolling layers of the flexible pavement, 10 which guarantees the materials suitable for the realization of a pavement of good quality with prognosis of useful life. For this purpose, laboratory equipment was developed to perform the fatigue test on trapezoidal beams for the determination of the mechanical behavior of asphalt mixtures for flexible pavements in trapezoidal beams. Based on the need in Colombia's Pilot University for greater learning about one of the factors of deterioration in pavements (fatigue) it is considered important to learn and characterize the physical physical behavior of the material to which the specimens are subjected thus simulating fatigue due to the constant use of different types of vehicles, it is convenient and really important to use and apply the norm of the National Roads Institute (INVE - 808 - 13, 2013). With the development of the fatigue test on trapezoidal beams, graphs related to the mechanical behavior of asphalt mixtures studied were obtained. In these graphs, the level of tension was indicated versus the number of cycles for the failure. In this case, we worked with low deformation levels of 1%, 2% and 3%, which were verified and calibrated with the rotation speed of the equipment motor (10Hz). The tests were carried out at room temperature in the city of the city of Bogotá, in order to simulate the real conditions of the road surface of the pavements. Finally, the equations of the material fatigue law were obtained, which allow the mechanical characterization of the material and the design of flexible pavement structures.