Caracterización psicosocial de personas privadas de la libertad. Cárcel Distrital

Abstract

Las conductas delictivas son consecuencia de factores tanto psicológicos como sociales por esto es importante abordar el estudio de los individuos desde ambas perspectivas para hacer un abordaje integral y comprender las motivaciones para ciertos tipos de conductas. Para este estudio la población comprendió las personas privadas de la libertad (PPL) pertenecientes a Cárcel Distrital de Bogotá cuyas edades oscilan entre los 18 y los 61 años de edad con el objetivo de establecer los factores psicosociales asociados a la comisión de conductas delictivas con el fin de conocer los agentes de su entorno que influyen positiva o negativamente en su proceso de resocialización. Para ello se diseño un instrumento tipo encuesta teniendo en cuenta bases teóricas y estudios previos que delimitaron los factores psicosociales adscritos a la comisión de delitos. De este modo se abordaron variables a nivel personal, cultural y social para posteriormente realizar un análisis estadístico descriptivo a fin de caracterizar la población.

Los resultados mostrados evidenciaron que las áreas psicosociales más importantes que se deben abordar son la familiar y la laboral. Los estudios sobre la influencia de la familia en la conducta delictiva han mostrado que aquellos individuos cuyo proceso de socialización se ha basado en disfuncionalidades familiares, separaciones, historial de criminalidad, falta de comunicación, violencia física y verbal.

Delinquent conduct is a consequence of psychological and social factors. It is very important to approach the study of the individuals from both perspectives in order to make an integral approach and understand the motivations to certain types of conduct. This study covered the population of the people deprived from their freedom (PDF) belonging to the District Prison of Bogota whose ages oscillate between 18 and 61 years of age. This was done with the purpose of establishing the psychosocial factors associated with the commission of crimes in order to find the agents of their environment that influence positively or negatively in the process of reintegration. For this purpose a survey was designed considering the theoretical bases and previous studies that determined the psychosocial factors assigned to the crimes committed. In this manner, we boarded variables at the personal, cultural and social level to eventually create a descriptive statistic analysis in order to characterize the population.

The results acquired displayed that the most important psychosocial areas that must be boarded are at the familial and work level. The studies on the familial influence on delinquent conduct have displayed that those individuals whom process of socialization has been based on familial dysfunctional ties, separations, criminal history, lack of communication, and physical/verbal violence are factors of critical importance. These factors are going to reinforce the development of the objective failure to adapt and consequently are going to produce a larger number of psychological alterations that are going to manifest in delinquent conduct (Leon,1996, citado por Herrero y León, 2006). Additionally, the surveyed prison population recognizes that the main external support during their time in the correctional institute is represented by the family, especially the mother figure as it represents a significant impact. Thus, it is equally recognized that the people deprived of their liberty (PDF) come from unstructured families, 43% of them declare to reside with relatives. It was also confirmed that family represents the socialization core of the person.The positive acceptance of the person should be collectively worked with the family at his exit from the corrective institution because the subjects have great expectations regarding the acceptance of the first net of support. Some even assert that it will be the only thing they can count on at their moment of exiting the corrective institution. Another aspect of large importance is the work options that the person that has been granted his freedom is supplied with. The majority of the work options that they had before entering the correctional institution have been on the field of informal work. These work options do not provide a significant financial remuneration and this is an influencing characteristic to the commission of delinquent conduct.